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Chapter 04 Processor Technology and Architecture
1. The ALU component of the CPU moves data and instructions between main memory and registers.
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2. One action that occurs during the fetch cycle is incrementing a pointer to the location of the next instruction.
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3. The CPU alternates constantly between fetch and execution cycles.
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4. The operand of a CPU instruction cannot contain the location of a data item.
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5. Data inputs are accessed from storage or extracted directly from the operands and stored in one or more registers.
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6. The control unit cannot execute instructions without assistance from the ALU.
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7. MOVE tests the bit values in the source location and moves these values to the destination location.
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8. With bit strings, NOT treats each bit in the bit string as a separate Boolean value.
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9. Binary addition works with complex data types, such as floating-point and double-precision numbers.
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10. Shifting an 8-bit twos complement value to the right by seven positions is a simple way to extract and test the sign bit.
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11. Arithmetic SHIFT instructions are more complex when applied to twos complement values because the rightmost bit is a sign bit.
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12. The BRANCH command has one operand containing the memory address of the next instruction.
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13. Complex instructions are a tradeoff between processor complexity and program simplicity.
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14. RISC is a philosophy of processor design that deliberately includes complex instructions.
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15. Compared with RISC processors, CISC processors have some advantages for computationally intensive applications.
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16. A benchmark program performs specific tasks that can be counted or measured.
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17. Pipelining is a method of organizing CPU circuitry so that multiple instructions can be in different stages of execution at the same time.
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18. A CPU is a complex system of interconnected electrical switches.
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19. A perfect conductor can be described as one having maximum resistance.
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20. Electricity travels through a trace at approximately 70% of the speed of light.
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21. The earliest computers were constructed with ordinary copper wire and vacuum tube switches and were unreliable because of the heat the vacuum tubes generated.
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22. Transistors and the tracks that interconnect them are the fundamental building blocks of all CPUs.
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23. Integrated circuits reduced manufacturing cost per circuit because many chips could be manufactured in a single sheet, or wafer.
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24. The PC revolution wouldn’t have been possible without standardized microprocessors.
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25. According to Moore’s Law, the doubling of transistor density is achieved with a 50% increase in unit cost.
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26. Current fabrication technology is capable of squeezing more than a billion transistors onto a wafer of silicon approximately one square centimeter.
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27. A microprocessor that fails to perform reliably at a higher clock rate might still be usable and rated for sale at a lower clock rate.
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28. Low voltage circuits are less susceptible to damage from voltage surges and static electricity.
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29. Early Xeon processors filled an important niche in the small server market but weren’t powerful enough to perform processing duties in many large-scale servers.
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30. Practical optical processors will probably appear first as full-fledged computer processors.
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31. Traditional bus interfaces are too slow and power hungry to provide sufficient data transfer capacity between many processors or between processors and primary storage.
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32. The ____ section of the CPU performs all computation and comparison operations.
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33. During the ____ cycle of the CPU, data inputs are prepared for transformation into data outputs.
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34. During the ____ cycle of the CPU, the transformation takes place and data output is stored.
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35. A(n) ____ is the lowest-level command that software can direct a processor to perform.
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36. The first group of bits in an instruction represents its unique binary number, commonly called the ____.
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37. Subsequent groups of bits after the first group in an instruction hold its input values, called ____.
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38. A(n) ____ directs the CPU to route electrical signals representing data inputs through predefined processing circuits that implement the appropriate function.
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39. A ____ instruction copies data bits to storage locations and can copy data between any combination of registers and primary storage locations.
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40. A ____ operation is a data transfer from main memory into a register.
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41. A(n) ____ instruction generates the result true if both of its data inputs are true.
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42. A(n) ____ instruction generates the value true if either or both data inputs are true.
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43. A(n)____ instruction generates the value true if either (but not both) data input is true.
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44. The ____ can extract a single bit from a bit string.
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45. A ____ instruction causes the processor to depart from sequential instruction order.
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46. A(n) ____ instruction suspends the normal flow of instruction execution in the current program.
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47. ____ instructions represent combinations of primitive processing operations.
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48. ____ is a philosophy of processor design that deliberately includes complex instructions.
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49. The ____ is a digital circuit that generates timing pulses, or signals, and transmits the pulses to other devices in the computer.
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50. The frequency at which the system clock generates timing pulses is the system’s ____.
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51. In most CPUs, the ____ is the time required to fetch and execute the simplest instruction in the instruction set.
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52. When manipulating single-precision floating-point numbers, CPU performance is measured in ____.
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53. Each clock cycle the CPU spends waiting for a slower device is called a ____.
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54. A ____ performs specific tasks that can be counted or measured.
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55. ____ are used only by the currently executing program.
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56. ____ hold frequently used data items such as loop counters and array indexes.
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57. When the control unit fetches an instruction from memory, it stores it in the ____.
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58. The register that holds bit values (flags) that describe comparison operation results, control conditional BRANCH execution, or indicate actual or potential error conditions ____.
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59. A ____ is a unit of data containing a fixed number of bytes or bits and can be loosely defined as the amount of data a CPU processes at one time.
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60. The term ____ describes instructions executed after the guess but before the final result is known with certainty.
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61. ____ describes any CPU architecture in which duplicate CPUs or processor stages can execute in parallel.
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62. ____ is the flow of electrons from one place or device to another.
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63. Substances that electrons can flow through are called ____.
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64. The loss of electrical power that occurs as electrons pass through a conductor is called ____.
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65. ____ has been the primary basis for CPU speed and clock rate improvement since the first electrical computer.
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66. Silicon and germanium are basic elements with resistance characteristics that can be controlled or enhanced with chemicals called ____.
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67. A(n) ____ is an electrical switch with three electrical connections.
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68. Several transistors and their interconnections on a single chip form a(n) ____.
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69. ____ is based on the observation that the rate of increase in transistor density on microchips had increased steadily, roughly doubling every 18 to 24 months.
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70. ____ states that the cost of fabrication facilities for the latest chip generation doubles every four years.
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71. Quantum computing uses quantum states to simultaneously encode two values per bit, called a ____.
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| 72. ____________________ are storage locations that hold inputs and outputs for the ALU.
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| 73. The ____________________ of the CPU keeps track of the next program instruction location by incrementing a pointer after each fetch.
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| 74. A(n) ____________________ is a command to the CPU to perform a primitive processing function on specific data inputs.
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| 75. The collection of instructions that a CPU can process is called the CPU’s ____________________.
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| 76. A(n) ____________________ operation is a data transfer from a register into primary storage.
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| 77. A(n) ____________________ instruction transforms the Boolean value true (1) into false (0) and the value false into true.
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| 78. A(n) ____________________ instruction accepts two numeric inputs and produces their arithmetic sum.
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| 79. A(n) ____________________ SHIFT instruction performs multiplication or division.
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| 80. In a(n) ____________________ instruction, the processor always departs from the normal execution sequence.
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| 81. CPU and computer system clock rates are expressed in cycles per second, also called ____________________.
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| 82. A(n) ____________________ is a measure of CPU or computer system performance when carrying out one or more specific tasks.
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| 83. The instruction pointer (IP) can also be called the “____________________.”
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| 84. The word size of recent processor generations such as the Intel Core2 and IBM POWER 8 is ____________________ bits.
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| 85. ____________________ is a method of organizing CPU circuitry so that multiple instructions can be in different stages of execution at the same time.
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| 86. Electronic ____________________ control electrical current flow in a circuit and are implemented as transistors.
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| 87. A(n) ____________________ is a circuit that can perform a processing function on a single binary electrical signal, or bit.
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| 88. Conductive molecules are typically arranged in straight lines, generically called wires or ____________________.
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| 89. The capability of an element or a substance to enable electron flow is called ____________________.
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| 90. The ____________________ of most materials increases as their temperature increases.
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| 91. A(n) ____________________ is an object specifically designed to absorb heat and rapidly dissipate it via air or water movement.
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| 92. The conductivity of ____________________ varies in response to the electrical inputs applied.
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| 93. ____________________ are made of semiconductor material that has been treated, or doped, with chemical impurities to enhance the semiconducting effects.
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| 94. A(n) ____________________ consists of billions of electrical devices on a single chip.
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| 95. A(n) ____________________ is a microchip containing all the circuits and connections that implement a CPU.
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| 96. In an electrical computer, ____________________ is performed by forcing electricity to flow through millions of electrical switches and wires.
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| 97. ____________________ transistors are a bridge between electrical and optical computer components.
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| 98. Discuss the chain of events that occurs when the CPU executes a program.
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| 99. Identify four activities the control unit performs during the CPU fetch cycle.
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| 100. List two examples of sequence control operations that alter the flow of instruction execution.
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| 101. Why is clock rate a poor or incomplete measure of processor performance?
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| 102. What are the 1-bit and 2-bit processing functions performed by gates?
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103. Discuss the issues with heat with respect to chips.
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